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I. Introduction to physiology: the cell and general physiology.--Functional organization of the human body and control of the 'internal environment--The cell and its functions--Genetic control of protein synthesis, cell function, and cell reproduction--Membrane physiology, nerve, and muscle. 4. The DNA code in the cell nucleus is transferred to an RNA code in the cell cytoplasm<br/>the process of transcription--Membrane potentials and action potentials--Contraction of skeletal muscle--Excitation of skeletal muscle: neuromuscular transmission and excitation-contraction coupling--Contraction and excitation of smooth muscle--The heart--Cardiac muscle: the heart as a pump and function of the heart muscles--Rhythmical excitatory and conductive system of the heart--The normal electrocardiogram--Electrocardiographic interpretation of cardicac muscle and coronary blood flow abnormalities: ventricle analysis--Cardiac arrhythmias and their electrocardiographic interpretation--The circulation--Overview of the circulation; medical biophysics of pressure, flow, and resistance--Vascular distensibility and functions of the arterial and venous systems--The microcirculation and lymphatic system: capillary fluid exchange, interstitial fluid, and lymph flow--Local and humoral control of tissue flow by the tissues--Nervous regulation of the circulation, and rapid control of arterial pressure--Role of the kidneys in long-term control of arterial pressure and in hypertension: the integrated system for aterial pressure regulation--Cardiac output, venous return, and their regulation--Muscle blood flow and cardiac output during exercise; the coronary circulation and ischemic heart disease--Cardiac failure--Heart valves and heart sounds; dynamics of valvular and congenital heart defects--Circulatory shock and physiology of its treatment--The body fluids and kidneys--The body fluids compartments: extracellular and intracellular fluids; intersitial fluid and edema--Urine formation by the kidneys: I. Glomerular filtration, renal blood flow, and their control--Urine formation by the kidneys: II. Tubular reabsorption and secretion--Urine concentration and dilution; regulation of extracellular fluid osmolarity and sodium concentration--Renal regulation of potassium, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium; integration of renal mechanisms for control of blood volume and extracellular fluid volume--Acid-base regulation--Diuretics and kidney diseases--VI. Blood cells, immunity, and blood coagulation. 32. Red blood cells, anemia, and polycythemia; 33. Resistance of the body to infection: I. Leukocytes, granulocytes, the monocyte-macrophage system, and inflammation; 34. Resistance of the body to infection: II. Immunity and allergy; 35. Blood types; transfusion; tissue and organ transplantation; 36. Hemostasis and blood coagulation--VII. Respiration. 37. Pulmonary ventilation; 38. Pulmonary circulation, pulmonary edema, pleural fluid; 39. Physical principles of gas exchange; diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the respiratory membrane; 40. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood and tissue fluids; 41. Regulation of respiration; 42. Respiratory insufficiency<br/>pathophysiology, diagnosis, oxygen therapy--VIII. Aviation, space, and deep-sea diving physiology. 43. Aviation, high-altitude, and space physiology; 44. Physiology of deep-sea diving and other hyperbaric conditions--IV. The nervous system: A. General principles and sensory physiology. 45. Organization of the nervous system, basic functions of synapses, "Transmitter substances"; 46. Sensory receptors, neuronal circuits for processing information; 47. Somatic sensations: I. General organization, the tactile and position senses; 48. Somatic sensations: II. Pain, headache, and thermal sensations--X. The nervous system: B. The special senses. 49. The eye: I. Optics of vision; 50. The eye: II. Receptor and neural function of the retina; 51. The eye: III. Central neurophysiology of vision; 52. The sense of hearing; 53. The chemical senses taste and smell--XI. The nervous system: C. Motor and integrative neurophysiology. 54. Motor functions of the spinal cord; the cord reflexes; 55. Cortical and brain stem control of motor function; 56. Contributions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia to overall motor control; 57. Cerebral cortex, intellectual functions of the brain, learning and memory; 58. Behavioral and motivational mechanisms of the brain the limbic system and the hypothalamus; 59. States of brain activity sleep, brain waves, epilepsy, psychoses; 60. The autonomic nervous system and the adrenal medulla; 61. Cerebral blood flow, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain metabolism--XII. Gastrointestinal physiology. 62. General principles of gastrointestinal function motility, nervous control, and blood circulation; 63. Propulsion and mixing of food in the alimentary canal; 64. Secretory functions of the alimentary tract; 65. Digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract; 66. Physiology of gastrointestinal disorders<br/>XIII. Metabolism and temperature regulation. 67. Metabolism of carbohydrates; 68. Lipid metabolism; 69. Protein metabolism; 70. The liver; 71. Dietary balances; regulation of feeding; obesity and starvation; vitamins and minerals; 72. Energetics and metabolic rate; 73. Body temperature, temperature regulation, and fever<br/>XIV. Endocrinology and reproduction. 74. Introduction to endocrinology; 75. Pituitary hormones and their control by the hypopthalamus; 76. Thyroid metabolic hormones; 77. Adenocortical hormones; 78. Insulin, glucagon, and diabetes mellitus; 79. Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, calcium and phosphate metabolism, vitamin D, bone, and teeth; 80. Reproductive and hormonal functions of the mail (and function of the pineal gland); 81. Female physiology before pregnancy and female hormones; 82. Pregnancy and lactation; 83. Fetal and neonatal physiology<br/>XV. Sports physiology. 84. Sports physiology. |
